Two Studies of Paired Approaches
نویسندگان
چکیده
At airports with closely-spaced parallel runways, the inability to conduct simultaneous approaches in all weather conditions is a cause of significant delay. One concept for reducing delay is paired approaches, where two airc raft on closely spaced approaches are ‘paired’, and the ‘trail’ aircraft stays within a safe zone relative to the ‘lead’. This positioning guarantees that neither aircraft risks loss of separation and that neither aircraft will be affected by the other’s wake. This operation is being investigated through two studies. The first documents how the safe zone may be calculated and explores its size, location and movement in response to operational factors. The second study is a piloted simulator evaluation of cockpit display and procedural issues . INTRODUCTION At airports with closely-spaced parallel runways (i.e. spaced less than 2500 feet apart), the inability to conduct simultaneous approaches is a cause of significant delay. Because the ceiling and visibility required for visual approaches are typically quite high, the weather does not need to be very bad to demand single runway operations. One concept for reducing delay is paired approaches, where two aircraft on closely spaced parallel approaches are ‘paired’, and the ‘trail’ aircraft maintains position within a safe zone relative to the ‘lead’ aircraft. As shown schematically in Figure 1, such a position guarantees that neither aircraft will be in danger of loss of separation should the other depart its approach path, and that neither aircraft will be affected by the other’s wake. This approach is novel for several reasons: it is preventive in nature, in that it spaces the aircraft so that separation is guaranteed, rather than reacting to intrusions; it provides trail aircraft with the assurance that they will be safe if they do not execute an avoidance maneuver in the face of a blunder; it requires the trail aircraft to maintain a position relative to the lead aircraft, adding a new task to the pilots’ approach duties; and it requires the trail aircraft to be in front of, rather than behind, the lead aircraft’s wake, putting the aircraft closer together than any other current airborne civilian operation. Several studies have examined paired approaches, suggesting possible procedures, methods of calculating the safe zone, and a simulator assessment of cockpit traffic displays. ) ( aircraft Trail future t ) ( aircraft Lead current t
منابع مشابه
The Effect of Two Assessment Methods on Exam Preparation and Study Strategies: Multiple Choice and Essay Questions
Introduction: Utilizing appropriate approaches to study and learning can improve students’ academic performance. Recent studies have shown that students’ learning approaches are influenced by several factors including the type of assessment. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of multiple-choice tests (MCQ) and essay tests on the nursing students’ learning approaches. Methods: This q...
متن کاملAn Overview on the Monitoring of Management Practices and Hydrological Response in the Representative and Paired Watersheds of Iran- Part Two
The present review has been compiled to monitor management practices and hydrological response in 12 representatives and paired watersheds of the country including Tangeshol (Fars), Khamesan (Kurdistan), Dehgin (Hormozgan), Zidasht (Alborz), Shush (Khuzistan), Kakhk (Khorasan Razavi), Kechik (Golestan), Kasilian (Mazandaran), Gonbad (Hamedan), Goorband (Sistan & Baluchestan), Herris (East Azarb...
متن کاملComparison of the Effect of Two Oral Hygiene Education Approaches on the Gingival Health and Dental Plaque of Boarding School Students in Fariman, Iran
Introduction: The school-based oral health programs are an opportunity to inspire positive attitudes and proper oral health behavior in students. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two oral health education methods on the oral health of boarding high school students in Fariman, Iran. Methods: In this interventional study, 345 students were randomly divided into three groups...
متن کاملContent Analysis Approaches and methods in Iranian Nursing Studies: A Narrative Review Study
Background and aim: Content analysis (CA) is a widely used to extract the meanings in qualitative studies. Different approaches and methods have been used to perform CA in nursing studies, and their identification can support the selection of an appropriate method in future research. Therefore, the present narrative review examined the approaches and methods used to analyze contents performed b...
متن کاملExamining Assumptions about Pilot Behavior in Paired Approaches
The design of flight deck systems and air traffic control operations often focuses on one particular part of the overall system. In doing so, implicit assumptions are often made about pilot behavior. A recent flight simulator study investigated a proposed air traffic procedure called paired approaches. This study has indicated that a number of the assumptions made by previous studies may be inv...
متن کامل